JEP 497: Quantum-Resistant Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm
Owner | Weijun Wang |
Type | Feature |
Scope | SE |
Status | Proposed to Target |
Release | 24 |
Component | security-libs / java.security |
Discussion | security dash dev at openjdk dot org |
Effort | M |
Duration | M |
Reviewed by | Sean Mullan |
Endorsed by | Alan Bateman, Sean Mullan |
Created | 2024/08/26 18:34 |
Updated | 2024/11/14 14:11 |
Issue | 8339010 |
Summary
Enhance the security of Java applications by providing an implementation of the quantum-resistant Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA). Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of signatories. ML-DSA is designed to be secure against future quantum computing attacks. It has been standardized by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in FIPS 204.
Goals
- Provide ML-DSA implementations of the
KeyPairGenerator
,Signature
, andKeyFactory
APIs, with support for the parameter sets ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, and ML-DSA-87 standardized in FIPS 204.
Non Goals
-
It is not a goal to implement the Dilithium algorithm, from which ML-DSA was derived. The two algorithms are not interoperable.
-
It is not a goal to add support for ML-DSA to components of the Java Platform for which the necessary standards do not yet exist. That is the case for, in particular, JAR-file signing as well as the implementation of Transport Layer Security (TLS) in the
javax.net.ssl
package. We will add such support once the standards do exist. -
It is not a goal to support Pre-Hash ML-DSA (FIPS 204 §5.4) or allow users to set application-specific context strings (FIPS 204 §5.2). We may implement these features in a future release.
Motivation
The field of quantum computing has been advancing steadily for years. A future large-scale quantum computer could use Shor’s algorithm, which is capable of factoring integers and solving the discrete logarithm problem, to compromise the security of widely-deployed public-key based algorithms including Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Diffie-Hellman. Such algorithms are used by the Java Platform to, among other things, digitally sign JAR files and establish secure network connections via the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. An attack that a conventional supercomputer might need thousands to millions of years to complete could be accomplished by a quantum computer using Shor's algorithm in mere hours. Cryptographers have responded to this threat by inventing quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, which cannot be defeated by Shor's algorithm.
For the purposes of signing data and authenticating identities in a quantum-resistant fashion, NIST standardized the Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA) in FIPS 204. In the United States, government computer systems that handle sensitive information must be upgraded over the next decade to use ML-DSA. It is thus essential for the Java Platform to provide an implementation of this algorithm.
Description
We will provide ML-DSA implementations of the KeyPairGenerator
API to
generate ML-DSA key pairs, of the Signature
API to sign and verify ML-DSA
signatures, and of the KeyFactory
API to convert ML-DSA keys to and from
their encodings.
In the Java Security Standard Algorithm Names
Specification,
we will define a new standard algorithm family name, "ML-DSA"
, for the
KeyPairGenerator
, Signature
, and KeyFactory
APIs.
FIPS 204 specifies three parameter sets for ML-DSA. In order of increasing
security strength and decreasing performance, they are named "ML-DSA-44"
,
"ML-DSA-65"
, and "ML-DSA-87"
. These parameter-set names will also be defined
as standard algorithm names for the KeyPairGenerator
, Signature
, and
KeyFactory
APIs, and, further, will be represented by the new
NamedParameterSpec
constants ML_DSA_44
, ML_DSA_65
, and ML_DSA_87
.
Generating ML-DSA key pairs
You can generate an ML-DSA key pair in one of three ways:
-
Instantiate a
KeyPairGenerator
with the family name and initialize it with a parameter-set name:KeyPairGenerator g = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("ML-DSA"); g.initialize(NamedParameterSpec.ML_DSA_44); KeyPair kp = g.generateKeyPair(); // an ML-DSA-44 key pair
-
If you do not initialize the
KeyPairGenerator
with a parameter set, the implementation will use ML-DSA-65 as the default:KeyPairGenerator g = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("ML-DSA"); KeyPair kp = g.generateKeyPair(); // an ML-DSA-65 key pair
-
Directly instantiate a
KeyPairGenerator
with a parameter-set name:KeyPairGenerator g = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("ML-DSA-87"); KeyPair kp = g.generateKeyPair(); // an ML-DSA-87 key pair
The KeyPairGenerator
API allows an integer key size to be specified during
initialization, but this is not supported for ML-DSA key pairs and will cause an
InvalidParameterException
to be thrown.
The keytool
command will support generating ML-DSA key pairs and certificates.
For example:
$ keytool -keystore ks -storepass changeit -genkeypair -alias mldsa \
-keyalg ML-DSA -groupname ML-DSA-65 -dname CN=ML-DSA
You can also provide the parameter-set name, ML-DSA-65
, directly via the
-keyalg
option:
$ keytool -keystore ks -storepass changeit -genkeypair -alias mldsa \
-keyalg ML-DSA-65 -dname CN=ML-DSA2
Signing with ML-DSA keys
You can use the ML-DSA Signature
implementation to sign and verify ML-DSA
signatures.
For example, to sign a message using a private key:
byte[] msg = ...;
Signature ss = Signature.getInstance("ML-DSA");
ss.initSign(privateKey);
ss.update(msg);
byte[] sig = ss.sign();
To verify a signature with a public key:
byte[] msg = ...;
byte[] sig = ...;
Signature sv = Signature.getInstance("ML-DSA");
sv.initVerify(publicKey);
sv.update(msg);
boolean verified = sv.verify(sig);
If a Signature
object is instantiated with a family name, it accepts ML-DSA
keys in the family with any parameter set. If it is instantiated with a
parameter-set name, it only accepts ML-DSA keys that use that parameter set;
otherwise, the initSign
and initVerify
methods throw an
InvalidKeyException
.
Encoding and decoding ML-DSA keys
You can use the ML-DSA KeyFactory
implementation to convert an ML-DSA private
key to or from its PKCS #8 encoding, or an ML-DSA public key to or from its
X.509 encoding.
For example, to convert a ML-DSA private key to its PKCS #8 encoding, and vice-versa:
KeyFactory f = KeyFactory.getInstance("ML-DSA");
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec p8spec = f.getKeySpec(kp.getPrivate(),
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec.class);
PrivateKey sk2 = f.generatePrivate(p8spec);
Similarly, to convert a ML-DSA public key to its X.509 encoding, and vice-versa:
X509EncodedKeySpec x509spec = f.getKeySpec(kp.getPublic(),
X509EncodedKeySpec.class);
PublicKey pk2 = f.generatePublic(x509spec);
The KeyFactory
implementation can also translate a key from another security
provider using the translateKey
method, as long as its encoding format is
supported.
The getAlgorithm
method of a Key
object generated by an ML-DSA
KeyPairGenerator
or KeyFactory
implementation always returns the family name
"ML-DSA"
, regardless of whether the KeyPairGenerator
or KeyFactory
was
instantiated with the "ML-DSA"
family name or one of the parameter-set names.
The getParams
method of an ML-DSA key returns a NamedParameterSpec
object
that matches the key's parameter-set name.
If a KeyFactory
object is instantiated with a family name, it encodes or
decodes ML-DSA keys in the family with any parameter set. If it is instantiated
with a parameter-set name, it only encodes or decodes ML-DSA keys that use that
parameter set; otherwise, the translateKey
method throws an
InvalidKeyException
, and the generatePrivate
, generatePublic
, and
getKeySpec
methods throw an InvalidKeySpecException
.
The encoding used by the ML-DSA KeyFactory
is defined in a draft IETF
RFC.
We will track changes in this draft until it is published.
Alternatives
-
The Open Quantum Safe project provides a JNI wrapper for their
liboqs
C library, which implements a collection of quantum-resistant algorithms including Dilithium and ML-DSA. If Open Quantum Safe achieves its goal of becoming the primary quantum-resistant cryptography implementation for major projects such as OpenSSL, BoringSSL, OpenSSH, and Mozilla, then it will gain substantial performance and robustness through widespread testing and usage.Compared to a native implementation, a Java implementation of ML-DSA provides the key benefit of being integrated directly into the JDK. This makes it immediately available on all of the platforms to which the JDK is already ported.
Testing
-
Unit tests will confirm that the implementations comply with the specifications of the
KeyGenerator
,Signature
, andKeyFactory
APIs, including edge cases such as invalid input parameters, boundary values, and unsupported operations. -
Known Answer Tests (KATs) will cover both valid cryptographic operations (positive cases) and invalid operations or known vulnerabilities (negative cases), ensuring comprehensive validation. These will include but not be limited to:
-
KATs (here, here, and here) generated by NIST's Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program service, and
-
The ML-DSA tests from Project Wycheproof, which are are in development.
-
-
Interoperation tests with implementations from other vendors, including but not limited to
liboqs
, will confirm that our ML-DSA implementation works well with others.